Causes
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Genetic
studies have indicated that genes often play an important role in the
development of mental disorders, via developmental pathways interacting
with environmental factors. The reliable identification of connections
between specific genes and specific categories of disorder has proven
more difficult.
Environmental
events surrounding pregnancy and birth have also been implicated. Traumatic
brain injury may increase the risk of developing certain mental disorders.
There have been some tentative inconsistent links found to certain viral
infections, to substance misuse, and to general physical health
Abnormal
functioning of neurotransmitter systems has been implicated, including
serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine and glutamate systems. Differences
have also been found in the size or activity of certain brains regions
in some cases. Psychological mechanisms have also been implicated, such
as cognitive and emotional processes, personality, temperament and coping
style.
Social
influences have been found to be important, including abuse, bullying
and other negative or stressful life experiences. The specific risks
and pathways to particular disorders are less clear, however. Aspects
of the wider community have also been implicated, including employment
problems, socioeconomic inequality, lack of social cohesion, problems
linked to migration, and features of particular societies and cultures.